ABSTRACT
The Valparaiso region in Chile was decreed a zone affected by catastrophe in 2019 as a consequence of one of the driest seasons of the last 50 years. In this study, three varieties ('Alfa-INIA', 'California-INIA', and one landrace, 'Local Navidad') of kabuli-type chickpea seeds produced in 2018 (control) and 2019 (climate-related catastrophe, hereafter named water stress) were evaluated for their grain yield. Furthermore, the flavonoid profile of both free and esterified phenolic extracts was determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the concentration of the main flavonoid, biochanin A, was determined using liquid chromatography with diode array detection. The grain yield was decreased by up to 25 times in 2019. The concentration of biochanin A was up to 3.2 times higher in samples from the second season (water stress). This study demonstrates that water stress induces biosynthesis of biochanin A. However, positive changes in the biochanin A concentration are overshadowed by negative changes in the grain yield. Therefore, water stress, which may be worsened by climate change in the upcoming years, may jeopardize both the production of chickpeas and the supply of biochanin A, a bioactive compound that can be used to produce dietary supplements and/or nutraceuticals.
Subject(s)
Cicer/chemistry , Cicer/metabolism , Dehydration/metabolism , Chile , Chromatography, Liquid , Cicer/growth & development , Climate Change/economics , Edible Grain/growth & development , Edible Grain/metabolism , Flavonoids/metabolism , Mass Spectrometry , Phenols/analysis , Seeds/chemistrySubject(s)
Climate Change/economics , Congresses as Topic/organization & administration , Health Care Sector/legislation & jurisprudence , Hope/ethics , COVID-19/diagnosis , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/prevention & control , COVID-19/virology , Carbon Footprint/statistics & numerical data , Climate Change/statistics & numerical data , Global Warming/prevention & control , Global Warming/statistics & numerical data , Health Care Sector/statistics & numerical data , Hope/physiology , Humans , SARS-CoV-2/genetics , Sustainable Development/legislation & jurisprudence , Waste Disposal, Fluid/legislation & jurisprudence , World Health Organization/organization & administrationSubject(s)
Climate Change/economics , Cyclonic Storms/economics , Disasters/economics , Poverty , Racism , Social Justice , Vulnerable Populations , COVID-19/epidemiology , Climate Change/mortality , Cyclonic Storms/mortality , Disasters/statistics & numerical data , Goals , Humans , Louisiana/epidemiology , Neoplasms/epidemiology , Politics , Poverty/statistics & numerical data , Racism/economics , Racism/prevention & control , Racism/statistics & numerical data , Sanitation , Social Justice/economics , Social Justice/trends , Sustainable Development/economics , Sustainable Development/trends , Vulnerable Populations/statistics & numerical dataSubject(s)
COVID-19/economics , Climate Change/economics , Commerce/economics , Commerce/statistics & numerical data , Crops, Agricultural/economics , Crops, Agricultural/supply & distribution , Food Supply/economics , Food Supply/statistics & numerical data , Climate Change/statistics & numerical data , HumansSubject(s)
COVID-19 , Climate Change/statistics & numerical data , Disaster Planning/trends , Environmental Science/trends , Forecasting/methods , Research/organization & administration , Research/trends , Acclimatization , COVID-19/epidemiology , Climate Change/economics , Disaster Planning/economics , Disaster Planning/methods , Disasters/economics , Disasters/prevention & control , Disasters/statistics & numerical data , Environmental Policy , Environmental Science/economics , Environmental Science/methods , Global Warming/economics , Global Warming/prevention & control , Global Warming/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Public-Private Sector Partnerships , Research/economics , Risk ManagementABSTRACT
Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic, it has several specificities influencing its outcomes due to the entwinement of several factors, which anthropologists have called "syndemics". Drawing upon Singer and Clair's syndemics model, I focus on synergistic interaction among chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes, and COVID-19 in Pakistan. I argue that over 36 million people in Pakistan are standing at a higher risk of contracting COVID-19, developing severe complications, and losing their lives. These two diseases, but several other socio-cultural, economic, and political factors contributing to structured vulnerabilities, would function as confounders. To deal with the critical effects of these syndemics the government needs appropriate policies and their implementation during the pandemic and post-pandemic. To eliminate or at least minimize various vulnerabilities, Pakistan needs drastic changes, especially to overcome (formal) illiteracy, unemployment, poverty, gender difference, and rural and urban difference.